Everything about Cannibalism Zoology totally explained
In
zoology,
cannibalism is the act of one individual of a species consuming all or part of another individual of the same species as food. Cannibalism is a common
ecological interaction in the animal kingdom and has been recorded for more than 1500 species (this estimate is from 1981, and likely a gross underestimation).
Unlike previously believed, cannibalism isn't just a result of extreme food shortage or artificial conditions, but commonly occurs under natural conditions in a variety of species. In fact, scientists have acknowledged that it's ubiquitous in natural communities. Cannibalism seems to be especially prevalent in aquatic communities, in which up to ~90% of the organisms engage in cannibalism at some point of the life cycle. Cannibalism is also not restricted to carnivorous species, but is commonly found in herbivores and
detritivores.
Sexual cannibalism
Sexual cannibalism is a special case of
cannibalism in which a female organism kills and consumes a conspecific (same
species) male before, during, or after
copulation. Rarely, these roles are reversed. Sexual cannibalism has been recorded in the female
redback spider,
black widow spider,
praying mantis, and
scorpion, among others.
Size structured cannibalism
Size structured cannibalism, in which large individuals consume smaller conspecifics, is more common. In such size-structured populations, cannibalism can be responsible for 8% (
Belding's Ground Squirrel) to 95% (
dragonfly larvae) of the total mortality, making it a significant and important factor for population and community dynamics. Such size structured cannibalism has commonly been observed in the wild for a variety of
taxa.
Cannibalistic infanticide
Another common form of cannibalism is filial cannibalism (a form of
infanticide) where parents eat their own young. Classical examples include the
chimpanzees where groups of adult males have been observed to attack and consume conspecific infants, and
cats
(External Link
),
elephants,
dogs,
baboons,
lions, where adult males commonly kill infants when they take over a new harem after replacing the previous dominant males. In agricultural settings,
pigs are known to
eat their own young, accounting for a sizeable percentage of total piglet deaths.
One, perhaps surprising, example is the
bottlenose dolphin, which has been reported to kill its young through impact injuries.
Another example is
hamsters eating their young. Dominant male
langurs tend to kill the existing young upon taking control of a harem. There has been sight of infanticide in the
leopard population.
Particularly in fish, one can discern
- total filial cannibalism, where a parent eats the whole brood
- cases where a parent eats only part. E.g. sand gobies Potamoschistus minutus can eat 40% of their eggs without reducing the outcome of their reproductive efforts.
Intrauterine cannibalism
Intrauterine cannibalism is a behaviour in some carnivorous species, in which multiple embryos are created at impregnation, but only one or two are born. The larger or stronger ones consume their less-developed siblings as a source of nutrients.
In
adelphophagy, the fetus eats sibling embryos, while in
oophagy it feeds on eggs.
Intrauterine cannibalism is known to occur in
lamnoid sharks and in the
Fire Salamander, as well as in some
teleost fishes.
Further Information
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